Introduction
In recent times, nanotechnology has received a
remarkable amount of interest in advanced fields of biology, physics and
chemistry. Nanoparticles, which may be of any shape, have at least one
dimension of 100 nm or less (Lee and Jun 2019; Bayda et al. 2020; Um-e-Aiman et al. 2021). Nanotechnology
is unique to the majority of prepared technologies of the 21st
century. It is the power to convert the nanoscience notion to advantageous
applications by observation, measurement,
manipulating, aggregation, commanding and industrialization cases at the
nanometer size (NNI 2019).
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are very popular for their
antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens (Allawadhi et
al. 2021). For a long time, AgNPs have been applied as broad-spectrum
antimicrobial agents against many pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms
in various industrial applications like food packaging and textiles industries,
etc. (Kumar et al. 2021). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) shows potential
applications in many areas because of their safe and environmental suitability.
The reported research on the green synthesis of AgNPs has been summarized using
different parts of the stem, fruits, and seeds of different plants along with
an effect on morphological properties (Ijaz et al. 2020). The major
advantage of using AgNPs for antimicrobial purposes is their higher toxicity
against microorganisms with high permeability at low dosage due to the size and
shape of nanoparticles (NPs) (Hashemi et al. 2020).
There are several methods for
preparing silver nanoparticles, including physical and chemical methods
(Iravani et al. 2014). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is a safe
and environmentally friendly method (Zahoor et al. 2021) that is
prepared using some plant extracts (Niluxsshun et al. 2021), Green
synthesis results in stable and biocompatible nanoparticles. The advantage of
green nanoparticles is not only restricted to stability and biocompatibility;
in addition, green nanoparticles also exert better antimicrobial action than
the chemical or physically synthesized nanoparticles. This enhancement in
action is undoubtedly due to biological corona surrounding green nanoparticles,
which comes from the source of synthesis. Biological corona comprises various
biomolecules, including plants metabolites, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sugar
residues, proteins and amino acids (Ghasemi et al. 2015;
Siakavella et al. 2020). Antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials are
dependent on several factors including stability, size and their concentration
in the growth medium (Duran et al. 2016). In addition to the surface
coating of NPs, morphology and surface charge also play a critical role in
determining the antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials. Ravindran et al. (2013) Moreover, Hajipour et
al. (2012) attributed the super antibacterial properties of NPs to their
excellent physicochemical properties, including a high surface-to-volume ratio.
Green nano silver particles have
been used in the fields of medicine, agriculture and others (Ge et al.
2014; Castillo-Henríquez et al. 2020) they can be used as antimicrobial,
antiviral, and antifungal (Mohammed et al. 2020). Many studies showed
that medicinal plants and natural products are mostly used safely which have no
harmful chemical effects, have great biological effects, and are valuable
against some fungal pathogens, bacteria, viruses and as antioxidants (Anand et
al. 2019; Khan and Javaid 2019, 2020; Khadka et al. 2021). The
Egyptian environment has a lot of plants that are used as antifungal and
antibacterial agents because they contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids
(Joaquín-Ramos et al. 2020) which also enable them to prepare silver
nanoparticles (Siakavella et al. 2020). Z. spina-hristi
and M. pulegium are among those plants whose leaf extracts are used as
antibacterial and antifungal agents (Gad et al. 2019) and
in the preparation of green nanosilver particles (El-Ansary et al.
2018; Rizwana and Alwhibi 2021). This research aimed to investigate the impact
of green silver nanoparticles synthesis from Z. spina-christi aqueous
and M. pulegium aqueous leave extract as an antimicrobial agent and
compare those results to free plant extracts.
Materials and Methods
Plant material collection
Ziziphus spina-christi leaves were
collected from the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University,
Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt in May 2021 while Mentha pulegium leaves
collected from the Mamoura agricultural area, Alexandria. The leaves of Z.
spina-christi and M. pulegium were washed for distilled water and
then dried for three days before being ground with an electric mixer for later
use in the study.
Preparation of aqueous plant extracts
The aqueous extracts of Z. spina-christi and M. pulegium leaves
were prepared by mixing 10 g of powder leaves into 100 mL of distilled water in
a 250 mL conical flask. The mixture was heated at 50°C for 2 h with stirring.
The extract was cooled to room temperature then filtered through Whatman No. 1
filter paper. The extract filtrated was stored at -4°C until used for the
synthesis of AgNPs.
Phytochemical screening to aqueous plant leaves
extracts
Certified chemical methods were used to detect biologically active
compounds: flavonoid, tannin, saponin, terpenoid, Polyphenols and alkaloid in Z.
spina-christi and M. pulegium leaves extract according to (Harborne
1998; Ahmad et al. 2014; Sharaf et al. 2021).
HPLC analysis of aqueous plant leave extracts
Analysis was performed by HPLC – (Agilent 1100) is composed to LC –
pumps pump, UV/Vis detector, C18 column (125 mm × 4.60 mm, 5 µm particle size)
Chromatograms were obtained and analyzed using the Agilent Chem Station. Chromatographic conditions for
polyphenolic and flavonoid.
The chemical content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Z. spina-christi
leaves extracts, were chosen with HPLC analysis and were used methods both of
Lin et al. (1996) and Kuntić et al. (2007) with some
modifications.
Green synthesis of silver nano-particles
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was obtained from El-Gamhouria Trading
Chemicals and Drugs Company, Egypt. Silver nanoparticles are prepared using 10
mL of aqueous leaves extract from Z. spina -christi and M. pulegium was
taken to 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 solution. The solution was heated to
60–70ᵒC for 30 min with stirring. And observed the color changes from
green light color to brown color is an indicator of the formation of silver
nanoparticles in samples. This method was according to Evanoff and Chumanov (2005)
with some modifications (Fig. 1).
Characterization of AgNPs
TEM analysis: To visualize the shape and morphology of the green Nanosilver transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the EM National Research Centre. Univ.was carried
out. One drop of emulsion was negatively stained with ethanol and was
positioned on a copper grid. The TEM micrographs were acquired using a
transmission electron microscope (JEOL
JEM-1400Plus) with a tungsten source and operating at 80 kV (Jain et
al. 2011).
FT-IR analysis: The
characterization of functional groups on extracts and the surface of AgNPs by
plant extracts were investigated by FTIR analysis (Shimadzu) and the spectra
were scanned in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 range at a
resolution of 4 cm−1 using a device FTIR of type spectrum one.
Zeta potential: The surface
charge present of green Nanosilver was measured
using Malvern Zetasizer ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK) by laser
Doppler electrophoresis at room. Samples were diluted with deionized water
before measurement. The samples were then injected into a capillary cell for
charge measurement. Zeta potential Table 1: Qualitative detection of some active compounds in
crude aqueous Z. spina-hristi and M. pulegium leaves extract
|
Active Compounds |
Z. spina-hristi |
M. pulegium |
|
Flavonoids |
+ |
+ |
|
Tannins |
+ |
+ |
|
Soponosides |
+ |
+ |
|
Terpenes |
+ |
+ |
|
Polyphenols |
+ |
+ |
|
Alkaloids |
+ |
+ |
+ positive
(Presence)
Table 2: Chemical composition analysis of phenolic and
flavonoid compounds of water extract from aqueous Z. spina-hristi and M.
pulegium leaves extract by HPLC
|
Concentration mg mL-1 |
RT# |
Compound |
Sample |
|
6.0 |
p-coumaric |
Mentha
pulegium |
|
|
8.33 |
8.0 |
Caffeic |
|
|
9.78 |
9.0 |
Pyrogallol |
|
|
3.16 |
11.0 |
Ferulic |
|
|
5.39 |
12.5 |
Catechol |
|
|
5.66 |
3.0 |
Rutin |
|
|
3.21 |
4.0 |
7-OH flavone |
|
|
4.16 |
5.0 |
Naringin |
|
|
11.14 |
7.0 |
Quersestin |
|
|
3.26 |
8.0 |
kampferol |
|
|
4.33 |
9.0 |
Apeginin |
|
|
11.0 |
Ferulic |
Zizyphus
spina-christi |
|
|
4.26 |
10.0 |
Gallic |
|
|
17.39 |
9.0 |
Pyrogallol |
|
|
5.23 |
7.0 |
Eugenol |
|
|
23.66 |
5.2 |
Syringeic |
|
|
5.76 |
3.0 |
Rutin |
|
|
4.88 |
4.8 |
Naringin |
|
|
5.33 |
6.0 |
Myrecetin |
|
|
2.14 |
7.0 |
Querstin |
|
|
3.26 |
8.0 |
Kampferol |
|
|
6.05 |
10.0 |
Hesperidin |
values provide information on
the repulsive forces between particles in the emulsion system (Honary and Zahir
2013).
Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX)
The
existence of elemental silver was assured through EDX. The EDX microanalysis
was carried out by an X-ray microanalyzer (Oxford 6587 INCA) attached to JEOL
JSM-5500 LV scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. The EDX spectrum is recorded
in the status of patches from one of the dignified silver nanoparticles on the
film. The silver nanoparticles were analyzed using Quanta 200 FEG according to
(Devi et al. 2012).
Assay for antimicrobial activity of plant leave extracts
The antimicrobial activity of investigated samples was
evaluated against 24 h-old also cultures of pathogenic Gram-positive strains, Staphylococcus
aureus (RCMB 010010), Bacillus subtilis RCMB 015 (1) NRRL
B-543 and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and
Gram-negative strains Escherichia coli (RCMB 010052) ATCC 25955, Salmonella
typhimurium RCMB 006 (1) ATCC 14028 and Klebsiella pneumonia RCMB
003 (1) ATCC 13883. In addition to examining their activity against 48 h-old
cultures of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB 002008), Aspergillus
niger (RCMB 002005), Candida albicans RCMB 005003 (1) ATCC 10231, Syncephalastrum
racemosum RCMB 016001 (1) and Fusarium moniliform (RCMB 008005)
Tests were performed according to NCCLS recommendations (NCCLS 1993).
Antimicrobial
activities assessment as inhibition zone determination by the good diffusion
method (Hindler et al. 1994). The inoculums suspensions were taken from
colonies grown on agar plates and inoculated into Mueller-Hinton agar for
bacteria plates and incubated for 24 h at 37ᵒC then inhibition zone was
measured around each well by millimeter. Fungal inoculation also was prepared
from malt agar plates with fungal colonies and incubated for 48 h at 28◦C
for inhibition zone determination.
Results
Phytochemical screening to aqueous plant leaves extracts
Phytochemical screening of the aqueous Z. spina-christi and
M. pulegium leaves extract showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins,
saponosides, terpenes, polyphenols and alkaloids (Table 1).
HPLC analysis of aqueous plant extracts
Concentrations of phenolic and flavonoids compounds appeared in the
aqueous Z. spina-christi and M. pulegium leaves
extract (mg mL-1) in Table 2 and Fig. 2. The Syringic was the most
abound phenolic compound in aqueous Z. spina-christi leaves
extract (23.66 mg mL-1) followed by pyrogallol (17.39 mg mL-1),
eugenol (5.23 mg mL-1), ferulic (5.09 mg mL-1) and gallic
(4.26 mg mL-1).
The p-coumaric was the major phenolic compound in aqueous M.
pulegium L. leaves extract (13.22 mg mL-1) followed by
pyrogallol (9.78 mg mL-1), caffeic acid (8.33 mg mL-1),
catechol (5.39 mg mL-1) and ferulic (3.16 mg mL-1). The hesperidin was
the great flavonoid compound in aqueous Z. spina-christi leaves
extract (6.05 mg mL-1) then Rutin (5.76 mg mL-1),
Myrecetin (5.33 mg mL-1), Naringin (4.88 mg mL-1), Kampferol
(3.26 mg mL-1) and Quercetin (2.14 mg mL-1). Quercetin was major
flavonoid compound in aqueous M. pulegium leaves extract (11.14
mg mL-1) then Rutin (5.66 mg mL-1), Apeginin (4.33 mg mL-1),
Naringin (4.16 mg mL-1), Kampferol (3.26 mg mL-1) and
7-OH flavone (3.21 mg mL-1).
%20131-140_files/image002.png)
Fig. 1: Green nanosilver synthesis
steps
%20131-140_files/image004.png)
Fig. 2: HPLC chromatograms for Chemical composition analysis of
phenolic and flavonoid compounds of water extract from aqueous Z.
spina-christi and M. pulegium leaves extract
%20131-140_files/image006.jpg)
Fig. 3: FTIR analysis of M.
pulegium leaves extract and M.
pulegium-AgNPs
FTIR test of plant leaves extract
and biosynthesized AgNPs
It describes the infrared
absorption spectrum for the M. pulegium
leaves extract and Z. spina-christi
leaves extract and the synthesizing of AgNPs. Fig. 3 showed that the FTIR
analysis of M. pulegium leaves
extract it observed a strong wide peak at 3444.86, 2089.62, 1635.15 and 1340.13
cm-1. While the FTIR analysis of M. pulegium-AgNPs was
peaked at 3453.08, 2090.44, 1635.50 and 1339.71 cm-1.
Fig. 4 observed the FTIR analysis of Z.
spina christi leaves extract it indicated with intense peaks of 3402.24,
2079.22, 1634.63 and 678.50 cm-1. However, the FTIR analysis of Z.
spina-christi-AgNPs was
peaked at 3450.93, 2089.97, 1638.04 and 687.70 cm-1 (Fig. 3, 4).
%20131-140_files/image008.jpg)
Fig. 4: FTIR analysis of Z. spina christi
leaves extract and Z. spina Christi-AgNPs
%20131-140_files/image010.png)
Fig. 5: TEM images of green Nanosilver synthesized using aqueous extract of Z. spina-christi (A) and M. pulegium
(B) leaves
%20131-140_files/image011.png)
TEM analysis: TEM micrograph was examined the morphology of silver nanoparticles. The
data obtained from TEM images found distinct shapes and sizes of polydisperse
nanoparticles. These images suggest that the majority of nanoparticles which
were prepared with M. pulegium leaves
and Z. spina-christi leaves extract
were spherical for silver and the size distribution of silver NPs between 8.70–16.2
nm for silver NPs with Z. spina-christi
leaves extract and 7.37–13.6 nm for silver NPs with M. pulegium leaves extract (Fig. 5a, b).
Zeta potential: The value of the zeta potential
is given a negative value of (-31.6 and -25.2 mV) for nanoparticles that were
prepared with Z. spina-christi leaves
and M. pulegium leaf extract, respectively (Fig. 6A and
B).
EDX analysis: EDX spectrophotometer analysis
determined the presence of Ag element indicative of AgNps. The EDX analysis
detected a powerful signal from Ag area of silver nanoparticles with Z.
spina Christi (Fig. 7a) and with M. pulegium (Fig. 7b). Metallic silver nanoparticles
usually show a standard optical absorption peak almost between at 3–4 keV
approximately and the average concentration of elemental silver was 70.53%,
65.56% for Z. spina-christi and M. pulegium, respectively. There
were other peaks of K, Ca, Cl, S, Si, Na and Cu indicating that they were mixed
deposits found Z. spina-christi in plant extract.
%20131-140_files/image013.png)
Fig. 6: Zeta
potential value of silver nanoparticle with Z. spina-christi and M.
pulegium. leaves extract
Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts with and
without silver nanoparticles
The values of inhibition zone of microorganisms exposed
to leave extracts alone or with nanoparticle concentrations of 0.01, 0.02 and
0.03 (mg mL-1) in case of F. moniliform were 9, 12, 12 and 12
mm, with S. racemosum were 0, 10, 14 and 14 mm and with S.
aureus, (MRSA), were 0, 13, 15 and 16 mm, respectively (Table 3).
Silver
nanoparticles produced based on M. pulegium exhibited
antimicrobial active against both S. aureus and B. subtilis, the promising result was observed with S.
typhimurium where the inhibition zone values were 13, 20, 20 and 20 mm,
while with MRSA were 0, 16, 16, 16 after exposure to leave extracts alone and
extracts with nanoparticle concentrations of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 mg mL-1,
respectively (Table 4).
Discussion
The data
represent a promising strategy as an antifungal and antibacterial by using
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. The morphological
features of the surface, surface charge, particle size and functional groups
were confirmed by TEM, HPLC, FT-IR, EDX and zeta potential measurements.
Results detected the public of flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, terpenes,
polyphenols, and alkaloids in the aqueous Z. spina-christi and
M. pulegium leaves extract.
These results agree with previous studies carried out on the same plant
(Suliman and Mohammed 2018; Eftekhari et al. 2021; Hussein and
Hamad 2021).
The results of phenolic and
flavonoids compounds in leaves of Z. spina-christi and M.
pulegium showed pyrogallol (12.86 mg 100 g-1), ferulic (5.38 mg 100 g-1), gallic (0.16 mg 100 g-1).
Alharbi et al. (2021) mentioned that caffeic acid (0.3 mg g-1)
and hesperidin (0.5 mg g-1). Abdulla et al. (2016) reported
that hisperidin (3.4 mg 100 g‑1), Rutin (1.52 mg 100 g-1), naringin
(0.39 mg 100 g-1), kampferol (0.22 mg 100 g-1) and quercetin (8.48
mg 100 g-1).
The observed components of each extract are well known
as vital active vehicles with antioxidants, microbes, and anti-inflammatory and
sustainability. This guide justifies the traditional and popular use of its
flights. Phenolic and flavonoids compounds are also related to antioxidant
capacity, especially quercetin and glycoside conjugates, which can chelate
metal ions and free radicals to inhibit the oxidation process (Lu et al. 2011). Some
studies have shown that plant flavonoids have high antioxidant activity Pontis et
al. (2014) and Sohaib et al. (2015).
The results related to
characterization of the infrared absorption spectrum for the M. pulegium leaves extract and Z. spina-christi leaves extract and the
synthesizing of AgNPs agree with various previous
studies (Zayed et al. 2015;
Table
3: Antimicrobial activity of Z. spina christi extracts
as mean inhibition zone produced on a range of pathogenic microorganisms
|
Sample
code Tested microorganisms |
Z. spina
Christi |
Z. spina
Christi with
AgNPs |
Z. spina
Christi with
AgNPs 0.02 |
Z. spina
Christi with
AgNPs 0.03 |
|
FUNGI |
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB
002008) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Aspergillus niger (RCMB
002005) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Candida albicans RCMB 005003 (1) ATCC 10231 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Syncephalastrum racemosum RCMB 016001 (1) |
NA |
10 |
14 |
14 |
|
Fusarium moniliform (RCMB 008005) |
NA |
9 |
12 |
12 |
|
Gram Positive Bacteria: |
|
|
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB010010) |
NA |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
Bacillus subtilis RCMB 015
(1) NRRL B-543 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
NA |
13 |
15 |
16 |
|
Gram Negatvie Bacteria: |
|
|
|
|
|
Escherichia
coli (RCMB 010052) ATCC 25955 |
NA |
11 |
12 |
13 |
|
Salmonella typhimurium RCMB 006 (1) ATCC 14028 |
NA |
10 |
11 |
11 |
|
Klebsiella
pneumonia RCMB 003 (1) ATCC 13883 |
NA |
10 |
12 |
12 |
The
test was done using the diffusion agar technique, well diameter: 6.0 mm (100 µL was tested), NA = no activity
Table
4: Antimicrobial activity of M. pulegium L. extracts as
mean inhibition zone produced on a range of pathogenic microorganisms
|
Sample
code Tested microorganisms |
M.
pulegium |
M.
pulegium with
AgNPs |
M.
pulegium with
AgNPs |
M.
pulegium with
AgNPs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB
002008) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Aspergillus niger (RCMB
002005) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Candida albicans RCMB 005003 (1) ATCC 10231 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Syncephalastrum racemosum RCMB 016001 (1) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Fusarium moniliform (RCMB 008005) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Gram Positive Bacteria: |
|
|
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB010010) |
10 |
12 |
12 |
13 |
|
Bacillus subtilis RCMB 015
(1) NRRL B-543 |
NA |
NA |
12 |
12 |
|
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
NA |
16 |
16 |
16 |
|
Gram Negatvie Bacteria: |
|
|
|
|
|
Escherichia
coli (RCMB 010052) ATCC 25955 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Salmonella typhimurium RCMB 006 (1) ATCC 14028 |
13 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
|
Klebsiella
pneumonia RCMB 003 (1) ATCC 13883 |
NA |
10 |
11 |
11 |
The
test was done using the diffusion agar technique, well diameter: 6.0 mm (100 µL was tested), NA = no activity
%20131-140_files/image015.png)
Fig. 7: EDX spectrum of silver nanoparticles with A: Z.
spina christi. B: M. pulegium
Halawani
2016; Rad et al. 2019; Rizwana and Alwhibi 2021). The results improved
that Ag+ is linked to bioactive groups such as (phenol, alcohol and
C=O of ester or aldehydes) and also a confirm crowned and reduced Ag+
to AgNPs noticeable modifications in seismic bands and extending in infrared
radiation from M. pulegium-AgNPs
indicate that functional groups play a role in prominent in reduction and
reduction modes during M. pulegium-AgNPs
synthesis. The peaks observed in each of the spectra in the current study
indicate the presence of many biologically active molecules such as phenols,
proteins, amines and aromatic vehicles. This dynamic is well recognized for its
role in different processes during NP
syntheses,
such as reduction, activation and stability. Previous research showed the role
of carbon and hydroxyl in the above operation involving biodegradation from
green AgNPs. Furthermore, the biomolecules in the plant extract prevent the NPs
mass (Kora et al. 2012; Gupta et al. 2019).
Zeta potential is an important parameter to analyze the
long-term stability of the nanoparticles. It refers to the surface charge of
the particles. Zeta potential of nanoparticles is of significance on stability
in suspension through the electrostatic repulsion between the particles. The
high zeta potential value leads to a more stable emulsion than the low zeta
potential of the particleszeta potentials indicated
stability of the particle size distribution (Donga and Chanda 2021).
In this
investigation, silver nanoparticles gave Z. spina-christi leaves
extracts antimicrobial activity if it was compared with the same extract alone
that do not affect tested pathogenic microorganisms where, it gave the
remarkable activities with both fungi and bacteria moreover its efficacy was
increased by increasing the nanoparticle concentration in most cases where the
inhibition zone diameter values increased. These results approved by (Yin et
al. 2020) found that silver nanoparticles possess a broad spectrum
of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. These observations may
be achieved by penetration of nanoparticles of silver to cell walls that change
the structure of cell membranes and even result in cell death. Their efficacy
is due to their nanoscale size moreover to their large ratio of surface area to
volume, so the cell membrane permeability may increase the chance of reactive
oxygen species production and interrupt replication of deoxyribonucleic acid by
releasing silver ions (Yin et al. 2020).
Conclusion
The present
work was focused on developing of AgNPs from
the aqueous leaves extract of Z. spina-christi and M. pulegium. The TEM, HPLC, FT-IR, EDX analysis showed the AgNPs actual size and its
distribution, the range recorded 8.70–16.2 and 7.37–13.6 nm for AgNPs of Z. spina–christi and M. pulegium leaves extract,
respectively. The stability tests concluded that the nanoparticles
are stable and well dispersed. The antimicrobial activity was
evidenced by the change in morphology of treated pathogens at very less
concentrations. Thus, the AgNPs can show strong antibacterial effects if the
nanoparticles are applied. This effect is most likely correlated to the Phenolic and Flavonoids compounds.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the faculty of Agriculture,
Biochemistry Department, Al Azhar University for facilitating the work in this
research. Also for the Central Lab, National Research center to do
characterization of nanomaterial.
Author
Contributions
MAE: Conceptualization, investigation and methodology; MHE, BAM and HMM: Microbial experiments; MMA: Supervision, review and editing.
Conflict of Interest
The authors
declare that they have no competing interests.
Data Availability
Data presented in this study will be available on a
fair request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Approvals
This work
does not involve animals hence ethics approval not required.
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